Allergy - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Management

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author: Debjit bhowmik, K. P. Sampath Kumar*, M. Umadevi

Abstract: An allergic reaction is the body's way of responding to an "invader." When the body senses a foreign substance, called an antigen, the immune system is triggered. The immune system normally protects the body from harmful agents such as bacteria and toxins. Its overreaction to a harmless substance (an allergen) is called a hypersensitivity reaction, or an allergic reaction. Allergy involves an exaggerated response of the immune system. The immune system is the body's organized defense mechanism against foreign invaders, particularly infections. Allergens are substances that are foreign to the body and can cause an allergic reaction. IgE is the allergy antibody. Allergies can develop at any age. Your risk of developing allergies is related to your parents' allergy history. Allergies are your body’s reaction to a substance it views as a harmful ‘invader.’ For example, coming into contact with what is normally a harmless substance, such as pollen, might cause the immune system (the body’s defense system) to react. Substances that cause these reactions are called allergens. An "allergic reaction" is way the body responds to the allergen. A chain of events occur that result in an allergic reaction, described here. The first time an allergy-prone person is exposed to a specific allergen (such as pollen), the body responds by producing allergic (IgE) antibodies. The job of these antibodies is to find molecules of the offending substance in the bloodstream and tissues and to escort them to the body’s mast cells (a type of white blood cell) for destruction. As the mast cells destroy the allergens, a chemical called histamine is released into the bloodstream. A large amount of histamine swells body tissues (inflammation), causes itching, enlarges blood vessels, increases secretions, and causes bronchospasm.

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Chronopharmacology: As A Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author: Maurya Krishna, B.C. Semwal, Singh Neelam, Khatoon Ruqsana, Paswan Shravan, Debjit Bhowmik

Abstract: Chronopharmacology is the study of the manner & extent to which the kinetics & dynamics of medication directly affected by endogenous biological rhythm & also how the dosing time of medications affects biological timekeeping & features ( period, level, amplitude & phase ) of biological rhythms. Chronopharmacology includes chronopharmacotherapy, chronopharmacokinetics & Chronotoxity. Chronopharmacotherapy is the investigative science that elucidates the biological rhythm dependencies of medication. It is useful to solve problems of drug optimization i.e. to enhance the desired efficiency or to reduce its undesired effects. So Chronopharmacologic approaches involve a lesser risk of errors and or false information than the conventional homeostatic approach. The effectiveness & toxicity of many drugs vary depending on dosing time associated with 24 hours rhythm of biochemical , physiological & behavioural process under the control of circadian clock such chronopharmacological phenomenon  are influenced by not only the pharmacokinetics but also pharmacodynamics of medication. Now a day Chronopharmacological principle are used in the therapy of various cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, pulmonary embolism etc. blood pressure fluctuates according to the circadian pattern. Continuous monitoring of blood pressure throughout the day and night reveals a pattern with minimum values of systolic & diastolic pressure between midnight & 4 am. Early in the morning B.P begins to rise from the low levels reached during sleep. Increases in blood pressure are accompanied by increase in heart rate caused by the chemical generated by the body & delivered into the blood stream.

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Factors Effecting Bioavailability Studies

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author: Bodavula Samba Siva Rao

Abstract: The goal of most oral dosage forms is to serve as a vehicle for the delivery of drugs to the blood stream for distribution to the site of action. The therapeutic effectiveness of a drug depends up on the ability of the dosage form to deliver the medicament to the site of action at a rate and amount sufficient to elicit the desired pharmacological action. This attribute of the dosage form is referred as physical availability or simply bioavailability. Bioavailability defined as the rate and extent of absorption of unchanged drug from its dosage form. Bioavailability mainly depends on the absorption efficiency of any dosage form. By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%.However, when a medication is administered via other routes (such as orally), its bioavailability decreases (due to incomplete absorption and first-pass metabolism) or may vary from patient to patient (due to inter-individual variation). Bioavailability is one of the essential tools in Pharmacokinetics, as bioavailability must be considered when calculating dosages for non-intravenous routes of administration. Bioavailability of a drug is largely determined by the properties of the dosage form (which depend partly on its design and manufacture), rather than by the drug's physicochemical properties, which determine absorption potential. Bioequivalence means that two or more chemically or pharmaceutically equivalent products produce comparable bioavailability characteristics in any individual when administered in equivalent dosage regimen.

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Sustained Release Drug Delivery System Potential

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: K.P. Sampath kumar*, Debjit Bhowmik, Shweta Srivastava, Shravan Paswan and A.S. Dutta

Abstract: Pharmaceutical invention and research are increasingly focusing on delivery systems which enhance desirable therapeutic objectives while minimizing side effects. Oral drug delivery system represents one of the frontier areas of controlled drug delivery system. Such a dosage forms having a major advantage of patient compliance. Sustained release dosage forms are designed to release a drug at a predetermined rate in order to maintain a constant drug concentration for a specific period of time with minimum side effects  Now a days as very few drugs are coming out of research and development and already existing drugs are suffering the problem of resistance due to their irrational use specifically in case of drugs like antibiotics. Hence, change in the operation is a suitable and optimized way to make the some drug more effective by slight alteration in the drug delivery. Sustained Release is also providing promising way to decrease the side effect of drug by preventing the fluctuation of the therapeutic concentration of the drug in the body.

Colon targeted drug delivery systems – A Potential Approach

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: Nishant Singh* and Dr. R. C. Khanna

Abstract: Day by day there are new developments in field of colon specific drug delivery system. Colonic drug delivery has gained increased importance not just for the delivery of the drugs for the treatment of local diseases associated with the colon like Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, etc. but also for the systemic delivery of proteins, therapeutic peptides, anti-asthmatic drugs, antihypertensive drugs and anti-diabetic agents. New systems and technologies have been developed for colon targeting and to overcome pervious method’s limitations. Colon targeting holds a great potential and still need more innovative work. This review article discusses, in brief, introduction of colon along with the novel and emerging technologies for colon targeting of drug molecule.

Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery and its Technologies

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: Samita Gauri*, Gaurav Kumar

Abstract: It is very well known that a drug can be administered through many different routes so as to produce a systemic pharmacological effect. The route of administration is considered as the path by which a drug is taken into the body for the treatment of various diseases and disorders. The main route of administrating a drug administration is the oral route which is the oldest and most commonly used because of its ease of administration, self-medication and avoidance of pain as compared to parental route. Despite of the tremendous advancement in oral route some of the people find difficultly in swallowing tablet and other oral dosage form, so in order to troubleshoot  all these problem associated with oral route, fast dissolving drug delivery systems (FDDS) were first came into existence in 1970 as an alternative to tablets, syrups and capsules, for pediatric and geriatric patients which rapidly disintegrate and dissolve in saliva and then easily swallowed without need of water which is a major benefit over conventional dosage form.

Diabetes Epidemic in India-- A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Features, Management and Remedies

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: K.P. Sampath Kumar*, Debjit bhowmik, Shweta Srivastava, Shravan Paswan, Amit sankar Dutta

Abstract: India, the world’s second most populous country, now has more people with type 2 diabetes (more than 50 million) than any other nation. With India having the highest number of diabetic patients in the world, the sugar disease is posing an enormous health problem in the country. Calling India the diabetes capital of the world, the International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries says that there is alarming rise in. According to a WHO fact sheet on diabetes, 2004 recorded an estimated 3.4 million deaths due to consequences of high blood sugar. WHO also estimates that 80 per cent of diabetes deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries and projects that such deaths will double between 2005 and 2030. A glance at statistics from Global Data proves one point: that the two countries having the highest diabetes prevalence (India and China) score quite low when it comes to the expenditure on the disease. In fact, India's expenditure on diabetes does not figure among the top 10 countries at all. The situation is compounded by the fact that diabetes is one of the most costly health problems in the world. It is  points out that healthcare expenditure on diabetes accounted for 11.6 per cent of the total healthcare expenditure worldwide in 2010. Diabetes also imposes large economic burdens in the form of lost productivity and foregone economic growth. It has been estimated that the global burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for 2010 would be 285million people (2010) which is projected to increase to 438 million in 2030; a 65 % increase . Similarly, for India this increase is estimated to be 58%, from 51 million people in 2010 to 87 million in 2030. The impacts of T2DM are considerable: as a lifelong disease, it increases morbidity and mortality and decreases the quality of life. At the same time, the disease and its complications cause a heavy economic burden for diabetic patients themselves, their families and society. A better understanding about the cause of a predisposition of Indians to get T2DM is necessary for future planning of healthcare, policy and delivery in order to ensure that the burdens of disease are addressed.