Recent Challenges and Advances in Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 4

Author: K. P. Sampath Kumar*, Debjit Bhowmik, Shravan Paswan, Shweta Srivastava

Abstract: Ocular drug delivery is one of the most fascinating and challenging tasks facing the Pharmaceutical researchers. One of the major barriers of ocular medication is to obtain and maintain a therapeutic level at the site of action for prolonged period of time. Ocular drug delivery is hampered by the barriers protecting the eye. The bioavailability of the active drug substance is often the major hurdle to overcome. Conventional ocular dosage form,  including eye drops, are no longer sufficient to combat ocular diseases. This article reviews the constraints with conventional ocular therapy, essential factors in ocular pharmacokinetics, and explores various approaches like eye ointments, gel, viscosity enhancers, prodrug, penetration enhancers, microparticles, liposomes, niosomes, ocular inserts, implants, intravitreal injections, nanoparticles, nanosuspension, microemulsion, in situ-forming gel, iontophoresis, and periocular injections to improve the ocular bioavailability of drug and provide continuous and controlled release of the drug to the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye and selected pharmacological future challenges in ophthalmology. In near future, a great deal of attention will be paid to develop noninvasive sustained drug release for both anterior and posterior segment eye disorders. Current momentum in the invention of new drug delivery systems hold a promise toward much improved therapies for the treatment of vision-threatening disorders.

Keyword: Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System

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Depression - Symptoms, Causes, Medications and Therapies

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author(s): Debjit bhowmik, K.P. Sampath Kumar*, Shweta Srivastava, Shravan Paswan, Amit Sankar Dutta

Abstract: Depression is the most common of the affective disorders; it may range from a very mild condition, bordering on normality, to severe (psychotic) depression accompanied by hallucinations and delusions. Worldwide, depression is a major cause of disability and premature death. When the negative reactions to life`s situations become repetitively intense and frequent we develop symptoms of depression. Life throws up innumerable situations, which we greet with both negative and positive emotions such as excitement, frustration, fear, happiness, anger, sadness.  Depression is prevalent among all age groups, in almost all walks of life. Indians are among the world's most depressed. According to a World Health Organization-sponsored study, while around 9% of people in India reported having an extended period of depression within their lifetime, nearly 36% suffered from what is called Major Depressive Episode (MDE).MDE is characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy and poor concentration, besides feeling depressed. Lowest prevalence of MDE was in China (12%). The average age of depression in India is 31.9 years compared to 18.8 years in China, and 22.7 years in the US. The female: male ratio was about 2:1."WHO ranks depression as the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide and projects that by 2020, it will be the second leading cause.

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Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Sustained Release Tablet of Isosorbide -5- Mononitrate by Porous Osmotic Technology

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author: Margret chandira*, S. Shanthi, Debjit bhowmik, B.Jayakar, K.P. Sampath Kumar

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to develop sustained release tablet of Isosorbide Mononitrate by porous membrane osmotic technology. The drug is mainly indicated for the treatment of Stable and unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method. The granules were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner ratio. The tablets were subjected to thickness, hardness, friability, weight variations, and drug content by assay and in vitro dissolution studies. The drug release from Isosorbide Mononitrate sustained release was carried out in 1.2 N HCl, 4.5 pH acetate buffer and 6.8 pH phosphate buffer for 24hrs. The granules showed satisfactory flow properties, compressibility index and drug content. All the tablet formulations showed acceptable pharmaceutical properties.  Formulation variables like type (PVP, PEG 4000 and HPMC) and level of pore former (0-55%, w/w of polymer), percent weight gain were found to affect the drug release from the developed formulations.The optimized formulation showed the highest f2 (f2 = 76.4) value. The drug release from the developed formulation was independent of pH and agitational intensity. The similarity factor f2 was applied between the optimized formulation and the theoretical dissolution profile.

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Allergy - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Management

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author: Debjit bhowmik, K. P. Sampath Kumar*, M. Umadevi

Abstract: An allergic reaction is the body's way of responding to an "invader." When the body senses a foreign substance, called an antigen, the immune system is triggered. The immune system normally protects the body from harmful agents such as bacteria and toxins. Its overreaction to a harmless substance (an allergen) is called a hypersensitivity reaction, or an allergic reaction. Allergy involves an exaggerated response of the immune system. The immune system is the body's organized defense mechanism against foreign invaders, particularly infections. Allergens are substances that are foreign to the body and can cause an allergic reaction. IgE is the allergy antibody. Allergies can develop at any age. Your risk of developing allergies is related to your parents' allergy history. Allergies are your body’s reaction to a substance it views as a harmful ‘invader.’ For example, coming into contact with what is normally a harmless substance, such as pollen, might cause the immune system (the body’s defense system) to react. Substances that cause these reactions are called allergens. An "allergic reaction" is way the body responds to the allergen. A chain of events occur that result in an allergic reaction, described here. The first time an allergy-prone person is exposed to a specific allergen (such as pollen), the body responds by producing allergic (IgE) antibodies. The job of these antibodies is to find molecules of the offending substance in the bloodstream and tissues and to escort them to the body’s mast cells (a type of white blood cell) for destruction. As the mast cells destroy the allergens, a chemical called histamine is released into the bloodstream. A large amount of histamine swells body tissues (inflammation), causes itching, enlarges blood vessels, increases secretions, and causes bronchospasm.

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Chronopharmacology: As A Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author: Maurya Krishna, B.C. Semwal, Singh Neelam, Khatoon Ruqsana, Paswan Shravan, Debjit Bhowmik

Abstract: Chronopharmacology is the study of the manner & extent to which the kinetics & dynamics of medication directly affected by endogenous biological rhythm & also how the dosing time of medications affects biological timekeeping & features ( period, level, amplitude & phase ) of biological rhythms. Chronopharmacology includes chronopharmacotherapy, chronopharmacokinetics & Chronotoxity. Chronopharmacotherapy is the investigative science that elucidates the biological rhythm dependencies of medication. It is useful to solve problems of drug optimization i.e. to enhance the desired efficiency or to reduce its undesired effects. So Chronopharmacologic approaches involve a lesser risk of errors and or false information than the conventional homeostatic approach. The effectiveness & toxicity of many drugs vary depending on dosing time associated with 24 hours rhythm of biochemical , physiological & behavioural process under the control of circadian clock such chronopharmacological phenomenon  are influenced by not only the pharmacokinetics but also pharmacodynamics of medication. Now a day Chronopharmacological principle are used in the therapy of various cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, pulmonary embolism etc. blood pressure fluctuates according to the circadian pattern. Continuous monitoring of blood pressure throughout the day and night reveals a pattern with minimum values of systolic & diastolic pressure between midnight & 4 am. Early in the morning B.P begins to rise from the low levels reached during sleep. Increases in blood pressure are accompanied by increase in heart rate caused by the chemical generated by the body & delivered into the blood stream.

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Factors Effecting Bioavailability Studies

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author: Bodavula Samba Siva Rao

Abstract: The goal of most oral dosage forms is to serve as a vehicle for the delivery of drugs to the blood stream for distribution to the site of action. The therapeutic effectiveness of a drug depends up on the ability of the dosage form to deliver the medicament to the site of action at a rate and amount sufficient to elicit the desired pharmacological action. This attribute of the dosage form is referred as physical availability or simply bioavailability. Bioavailability defined as the rate and extent of absorption of unchanged drug from its dosage form. Bioavailability mainly depends on the absorption efficiency of any dosage form. By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%.However, when a medication is administered via other routes (such as orally), its bioavailability decreases (due to incomplete absorption and first-pass metabolism) or may vary from patient to patient (due to inter-individual variation). Bioavailability is one of the essential tools in Pharmacokinetics, as bioavailability must be considered when calculating dosages for non-intravenous routes of administration. Bioavailability of a drug is largely determined by the properties of the dosage form (which depend partly on its design and manufacture), rather than by the drug's physicochemical properties, which determine absorption potential. Bioequivalence means that two or more chemically or pharmaceutically equivalent products produce comparable bioavailability characteristics in any individual when administered in equivalent dosage regimen.

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Sustained Release Drug Delivery System Potential

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: K.P. Sampath kumar*, Debjit Bhowmik, Shweta Srivastava, Shravan Paswan and A.S. Dutta

Abstract: Pharmaceutical invention and research are increasingly focusing on delivery systems which enhance desirable therapeutic objectives while minimizing side effects. Oral drug delivery system represents one of the frontier areas of controlled drug delivery system. Such a dosage forms having a major advantage of patient compliance. Sustained release dosage forms are designed to release a drug at a predetermined rate in order to maintain a constant drug concentration for a specific period of time with minimum side effects  Now a days as very few drugs are coming out of research and development and already existing drugs are suffering the problem of resistance due to their irrational use specifically in case of drugs like antibiotics. Hence, change in the operation is a suitable and optimized way to make the some drug more effective by slight alteration in the drug delivery. Sustained Release is also providing promising way to decrease the side effect of drug by preventing the fluctuation of the therapeutic concentration of the drug in the body.