Resealed Erythrocytes as a Carrier for Drug Targeting: A Review

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: Ashok Kumar, Mansi Verma, K. K. Jha

Abstract: Erythrocytes have been the most interesting carrier and have found to possess great potential in drug targeting. Resealed erythrocytes are gaining more popularity because of their ability to circulate throughout the body, biocompatibility, zero order release kinetics, reproducibility and ease of preparation. Most of the resealed erythrocytes used as drug carriers are rapidly taken up from blood by macrophages of reticuloendothelial system (RES), which is present in liver, lung, and spleen of the body. The aim of the present review is to focus on the various features, drug loading technology and biomedical application of resealed erythrocytes.

Taste Masked Suspension

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: K.P. Sampath kumar*, Debjit Bhowmik, Sweta Srivastava, Shravan Paswan and A.S.Dutta

Abstract: Children are frequently failed to take medications properly because of unpleasant taste of medicament. Non‐compliance can lead to worsening of  diseased  condition.  Numbers  of  taste masking  technologies  have   been  used  to  address   the  problem  of patient compliance. Use of sweeteners, amino acids and flavoring agents alone are often   inadequate in   masking   the   taste   of   highly bitter  drugs.   Coating  is  more  efficient  technology   for aggressively  bitter  drugs  even  though  coating  imperfections, if present, reduce the efficiency of the technique In Ion exchange resin (IER) method weak cation exchange or weak anion exchange resins are used for taste masking, depending on the nature of drug. The nature of the drug resin complex formed is such  that  the  average  pH  of  6.7  and  contain  concentration  of  about 40meq/L  in  the  saliva are not able to break the drug resin complex but it is weak enough to break down  by hydrochloric acid present in the  stomach. Thus  the   drug  resin   complex  is  absolutely  tasteless with  no  after  taste,  and  at  the  same  time,   its   bioavailability  is  not affected.  Children under the age of 8 are typically prescribed liquid medications because  of smaller structure of a  child's esophagus.

Glaucoma -A Eye Disorder Its Causes, Risk Factor, Prevention and Medication

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 1

Author: Debjit Bhowmik*, K.P.Sampath Kumar, Lokesh Deb, Shravan Paswan and A.S.Dutta

Abstract: Glaucoma refers to a group of eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve, the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain. In many cases, damage to the optic nerve is due to increased pressure in the eye, also known as intraocular pressure. Glaucoma is a disease of the optic nerve that affects approximately 60 million people globally. It is the second most common cause of blindness, leaving an estimated 7.5 million people blind. In India it affects 11 million people, of which 1.5 million are blind. Glaucoma is a disease that is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure, in which damage to the eye (optic) nerve can lead to loss of vision and even blindness. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Glaucoma usually causes no symptoms early in its course, at which time it can only be diagnosed by regular eye examinations and screenings with the frequency of examination based on age and the presence of other risk factors. Intraocular pressure increases when either too much fluid is produced in the eye or the drainage or outflow channels of the eye become blocked. While anyone can get glaucoma, some people are at greater risk. The two main types of glaucoma are open-angle glaucoma, which has several variants and is a long duration condition, and angle-closure glaucoma, which may be a sudden condition or a chronic disease. Damage to the optic nerve and impairment of vision from glaucoma is irreversible. Several painless tests that determine the intraocular pressure, the status of the optic nerve and drainage angle, and visual fields are used to diagnose glaucoma. Glaucoma is usually treated with eye drops, although lasers and surgery can also be used. Most cases can be controlled well with these treatments, thereby preventing further loss of vision. Much research into the causes and treatment of glaucoma is being carried out throughout the world. Early diagnosis and treatment is the key to preserving sight in people with glaucoma.

Keyword: Glaucoma, optic nerve, blindness, impairment of vision.

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Role of Pharmacist Management and Novel Therapies of Diabetic Nephropathic Patients

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 1

Author: K.P. Sampath Kumar*, Debjit Bhowmik, Lokesh Deb, Shravan Paswan

Abstract: Diabetic nephropathy is kidney disease that develops as a result of diabetes mellitus (DM). DM, also called simply diabetes. This disease damages many organs, including the eyes, nerves, blood vessels, heart, and kidneys. Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure and accounts for over one-third of all patients who are on dialysis. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is typically defined by macro albuminuria—that is, a urinary albumin excretion of more than 300 mg in a 24-hour collection—or macro albuminuria and abnormal renal function as represented by an abnormality in serum creatinine, calculated creatinine clearance, or glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Clinically, diabetic nephropathy is characterized by a progressive increase in proteinuria and decline in GFR, hypertension, and a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephropathy means kidney disease or damage. Diabetic nephropathy is damage to your kidneys caused by diabetes. In severe cases it can lead to kidney failure. But not everyone with diabetes has kidney damage .The kidneys have many tiny blood vessels that filter waste from your blood. High blood sugar from diabetes can destroy these blood vessels. Over time, the kidney isn't able to do its job as well. Later it may stop working completely. This is called kidney failure. Certain things make you more likely to get diabetic nephropathy. If you also have high blood pressure or high cholesterol, or if you smoke, your risk is higher. There are no symptoms in the early stages. So it's important to have regular urine tests to find kidney damage early. Sometimes early kidney damage can be reversed. The first sign of kidney damage is a small amount of protein in the urine, which is found by a simple urine test. As damage to the kidneys gets worse, your blood pressure rises. Your cholesterol and triglyceride levels rise too. As your kidneys are less able to do their job, you may notice swelling in your body, at first in your feet and legs. Community pharmacist can take to increase their involvement and contribution to public health at a local level in collaboration with other public health. During this role shift, the competency of community pharmacists is in higher demand than ever before. In view of availability of numerous new medicines and drug delivery systems, community pharmacists are challenged to ensure that patients get maximum benefit from their medicines. It is essential that discovery of new drug, new therapeutics effect of relatively older drugs, clinical trials, toxicological studies etc. are all carried out involving community pharmacy at different phases.

Keyword: Diabetic Nephropathic, Pharmacist Management, Nephropathic Patients

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Recent Trends in Liposomes Used As Novel Drug Delivery System

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 1

Author: K.P. Sampath Kumar*, Debjit Bhowmik and Lokesh Deb

Abstract: Drug delivery systems have become important tools for the specific delivery of a large number of drug molecules. Since their discovery in the liposomes were recognized as models to study biological membranes and as versatile DDS of both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules. Liposomes are artificially prepared vesicles made of lipid bilayer. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Liposomes are composite structures made of phospholipids and may contain small amounts of other molecules. Though liposomes can vary in size from low micrometer range to tens of micrometers, unilamellar liposomes, as pictured here, are typically in the lower size range with various targeting ligands attached to their surface allowing for their surface-attachment and accumulation in pathological areas for treatment of disease. Liposomes are used as models for artificial cells. Liposomes can also be designed to deliver drugs in other ways. Liposomes that contain low (or high) pH can be constructed such that dissolved aqueous drugs will be charged in solution. Liposomes are artificial vesicles comprised  of lipid and aqueous compartments where the lipid exists in the bilayer form. Such vesicles can be composed solely of phospholipids or in combination with other amphipathic molecules such as sterols, long chain organic bases or acids. When phospholipids are suspended in an excess of aqueous solution they spontaneously form multilamellar concentric bilayers with lipid layers separated by layers of aqueous medium. Water soluble substances such as drugs, proteins, nucleic acids and dyes, present in the aqueous phase during the formation of liposomes, can be encapsulated into the aqueous compartments of the vesicles. This unique property of liposomes has made them a versatile tool for an increasing number of studies in biology and medicine.

Keyword: Liposome, Targeting cancer, Vesicle, artificial cells.

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Formulation and Pharmacological Evaluation of Bark Extract of Albizia Odoratissima (L.F) Benth

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 1

Author: Margret Chandira*, A. Pasupati , S. Rajesh Kumar, Debjit Bhowmik, B. Jayakar

Abstract: Albizia Odoratissima has been used in folk medicines for the treatment of Diabetes. To substantiate this claim the present studies have been undertaken in order to evaluate the Antihyperglycemic activity of Alcoholic extract of bark of Albizia odoratissima (AlEAO) and its Aqueous extract of bark of Albizia Odoratissima (AqEAO). These two fractions was assessed for hypoglycaemic activity on alloxan induced (150mg/kg) swiss albino rats. The LD50 of the extracts were found to be 1000mg/kg.The extract powder are formulated as conventional dosage form by direct compression technique using polymer HPMC K4M and CMC Sodium in the concentration range of 5%. The tablets are evaluated with alloxan induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic activity was compared with that of the reference drug glibenclamide (5mg/kg). The AlEAO fraction produces the significant reduction (P˂0.001) in BGL (Blood Glucose Level) after singe administration (Dose: 100mg/kg, Route: Oral) for 10 days prolonged treatment. The BGL was measured using Glucometer on the 0th, 3rd and 10th day. The AlEAO shows the significant hypoglycaemic activity compared to that of the standard drug

Keyword: Albizia odoratissima, Direct compression, Glibenclamide, Alloxan.

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Biomarkers: Its Novel Application

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 1

Author: Anand Kumar* and Dr. R. C. Khanna

Abstract: Advances in biotechnology and improved understanding of cancer and disease biology have shifted the treatment paradigm to targeted therapy. We have enhanced our ability to guide application of new and existing treatments with development, assay verification, biological validation and application of biomarkers. However, to be successful, we need a thorough understanding of the relationship between putative biomarkers and treatment effects. We must consider new clinical trial designs that may consist of randomized cohorts, prospectively planned endpoints, and/or post-hoc analyses. These strategies will succeed if reliable, adequately powered, biologically validated biomarkers are identified and appropriately applied for prospective patient selection via clinical trials. Continued inclusion of preplanned biological correlates will allow ongoing optimization of targeted therapy. These events will guide future directions of proteomics, affecting how we integrate proteomic information into the selection of therapy for advanced and recurrent cancers, and other diseases.

Keyword: Diagnosis, Biomarker, Drug developments, Disease, Clinical Investigation

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