Cleaning Validation of Albendazole Tablets 400 mg

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 4

website: www.thepharmajournal.com

Author: Bodavula Samba Siva Rao, Y. Surendhranath Reddy, M. Jeybaskaran

Abstract: The cleaning validation is to verify the effectiveness of the cleaning procedure for removal of product residues, degradation products, preservatives, excipients and cleaning agents so that the analytical monitoring may be reduced to a minimum in the routine phase. In addition one need to ensure there is no risk associated with cross contamination of active ingredients. Cleaning validation is intended to address special consideration and issues pertaining to validation cleaning procedures for equipment used in the manufactured of pharmaceutical products, radiopharmaceuticals, and biological drugs. The document is also intended to establish inspection consistency and uniformity with respect to equipment cleaning procedures.

Keyword: Acceptable residual level (ARL), Cleaning equipment, Swabs and Wipes Method, Rinse Method

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Transdermal Drug Delivery System: A Review

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 4

website: www.thepharmajournal.com

Author:Dipen Patel*, Sunita A. Chaudhary, Bhavesh Parmar, Nikunj Bhura

Abstract: A transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. Often, this promotes healing to an injured area of the body. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of medication delivery such as oral, topical, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The main disadvantage to transdermal delivery systems stems from the fact that the skin is a very effective barrier; as a result, only medications whose molecules are small enough to penetrate the skin can be delivered in this method. A wide variety of pharmaceuticals are now available in transdermal patch form.

Keyword: transdermal drug delivery system, bioavability, Iontophoresis, Electroporation, ultrasound, microscopic projection

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Recent Trends in Medicinal Uses and Health Benefits of Indian Traditional Herbs Aegle Marmelos

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 4

website: www.thepharmajournal.com

Author: K.P.Sampath kumar*, M.Umadevi, Debjit Bhowmik, Durgesh Mohan Singh, A.S. Dutta

Abstract: Nature produces several food items for every season. Their use in that particular season proves to be highly beneficial for our body and the entire state of health. Bael fruit is one such blessing from nature for the mankind which is packed with enormous medicinal advantages. The Bael (Aegle marmelos) is one of the most useful medicinal plants of India. Its medicinal properties have been described in the ancient medical treatise in Sanskrit, Charaka Samhita. All parts of this tree—stem, bark, root, leaves and fruit at all stages of maturity —have medicinal virtues and have been used as medicine for a long time. The fruit's medicinal value is very high when it just begins to ripen. The fruit is aromatic, cooling and laxative. It arrests secretion or bleeding. The unripe or half-ripe fruit is good for digestion. It is useful in preventing or curing scurvy. It also strengthens the stomach and promotes its action. In recent times, focus on plant research has  increased all over the world and a large body of evidence has collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems. Over the last few years, researchers have aimed at identifying and validating plant derived substances for the treatment of various diseases. Similarly it has been already proved that various parts of plants such as Leafs, fruits, seeds etc.  provide health and nutrition promoting compounds in human diet. Bael  fruit is popularly used in diarrhea, dysentery and GI disorders and has digestive and carminative properties. It helps in the healing of ulcerated intestinal surfaces. It possesses anti-viral, anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory properties and has appreciable activity against intestinal pathogenic organisms.

Keyword: Aegle Marmelos, Medicinal Uses and Health Benefits

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A Review on Osmotically Regulated Devices

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 4

website: www.thepharmajournal.com

Author: Bharat parashar, Brajesh maurya*, Virendra yadav, Love sharma

Abstract: Osmosis is physical phenomenon that has been extensively studied by scientist in various disciplines of science and engineering .osmotic devices are the most promising strategy based system for controlled drug delivery. Convention drug delivery has little control over their drug release and almost no control over the effective concentration at the target site .this kind of dosing pattern may result in constantly changing unpredictable plasma concentration. Drug can be delivered in a controlled over a long period of time by the process of osmosis. Osmotic pump offers may advantages over other controlled relase devices i.e. they are easy to formulated and in simple operation, improve patient compliance with reduced dosing frequency and prolong therapeutic effect with uniform blood concentration. They are most reliable controlled drug delivery system is not influenced by different physiological factor with in the gut lumen and the release characteristics can be predicted easily from the known properties of the drug and the doses form. In this paper, various type of osmotically controlled pump with basic component and factor affecting have been discussed briefly.

Keyword: osmotic pump, semipermeable membrane, wicking agent, osmogen , leachable pore former

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Natural Therapy of Fungal Nail Disease: Review

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 4

website: www.thepharmajournal.com

Author: Dr.Bharat parashar, Virendra yadav, Brajesh maurya, Love sharma

Abstract: Nails are the unique part of body, besides it’s a dead tissue it also have role in serving the human beauty. It protects the fingertip and tissues from injuries and also enhances the precise movements of distal digits, but it has also been cursed with many diseases and ailments including serious infections. Most common types are of Fungal or Yeast infections resulting in Onychomycosis and if it is left untreated, the nail plate may separate from the nail bed. Other infections include Paronychia, Tinea Unguis, and Pseudomonas bacterial infection. Different nail disorders are Onychatrophia resulting from injury, Leuconychia cause by trapping of tiny bubbles of air, Melanonychia known as nail moles and can be sometimes serious. For a physician physical appearance of nail is important which can reveals many disorders like Malnutrition, Liver disease, etc. Nail infections can be treated with natural products which are mainly Oregano oil, Lemongrass oil, Horopito. One of the latest and modern treatment to treat fungal infections of nails is Ozone treatment but it is not frequently used and quite costly. Like others body parts nails also required a good source of nutrients to maintain their complexions and healthiness, Vitamin A , Vitamin D and calcium help in maintaining moisture content of nails and avoid brittleness, Besides this Proteins and fatty acids like Linoleic acids are also essential.

Keyword: Nails, Fungal Infection ,Natural Treatment

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Pharmacological Treatment of Depression, Based On Survey in Different Hospitals and Clinics

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 4

website: www.thepharmajournal.com

Author: Bharat parashar, Virendra yadav,  Brajesh maurya, Love sharma

Abstract: Feeling down from time to time is a normal part of life but when emptiness and despair take hold and won’t go away, it may be depression - “living in a black hole” or having feeling of impending doom. Symptoms - you can’t sleep or you sleep too much, you can’t concentrate or find that previously easy tasks are now difficult, you feel hopeless and helpless, you can’t control your negative thoughts, no matter how much you try, you have lost your appetite or you can’t stop eating. Non-pharmacological treatment should involve exercise, psychotherapy, supplements and your pleasures, etc. Exercise has been found to be most effective treatment for depression and the minimum recommendation is three times per week for 20 minutes. Weekly psychotherapy and a check on your pleasures like coffee, alcohol, sugar and recreational drugs, and supplements like taking fish oil for omega-3, fatty acid daily, St. John’s Wort, and vitamins-B12, etc. Direct exposure to sunlight every day is very helpful, if not possible, a light box can bring a lot of relief. Regular human contact who enjoy the same things you do, challenge your thinking, good nutrition, yoga and meditation only for mild to moderate depression. Data collected from doctors shows that 60% of doctors have opinion that 35-60 years is common age group of depression, 50% doctors said that duration of therapy depends upon patient to patient, the root cause of depression is family reasons which is admitted by 70% of doctors. The most prescribed drugs for the treatment of depression are - Imipramine 40%, Fluoxetine 30%, most prescribed drugs in pregnancy are - Fluoxetine 60%, Sertraline 20%, most prescribed drugs in lactation - Fluoxetine 70%, Amitryptiline 20% and 90% of doctors suggested that only counseling is sufficient to treat depression in children.

Keyword: Depession, Tyeps, Non pharmacological treatment, Survey data

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RP-HPLC Method Devlopment and Validation of Domperidone in Solid Dosage Form

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 4

Author: Sharma Suparna*, Sharma Anuj Kumar, Singh Ompal, Chaturvedi Ashwani Kumar, Verma Vikrant, Arya Rajat Kumar, Singh Umesh Kumar

Abstract: A simple, accurate, reliable and reproducible HPLC method was developed for the determination of Domperidone (DOM) in solid dosage forms. The method employed C18 column, water: methanol (55:45) as mobile phase and detection was made at 291nm. The retention times was found to be 4.5 min for DOM. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The method shows good linearity, accuracy, and precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification.  The method was suitable for routine analysis of DOM individually and in combined dosage forms.

Keyword: HPLC, Domperidone

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Recent Challenges and Advances in Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 4

Author: K. P. Sampath Kumar*, Debjit Bhowmik, Shravan Paswan, Shweta Srivastava

Abstract: Ocular drug delivery is one of the most fascinating and challenging tasks facing the Pharmaceutical researchers. One of the major barriers of ocular medication is to obtain and maintain a therapeutic level at the site of action for prolonged period of time. Ocular drug delivery is hampered by the barriers protecting the eye. The bioavailability of the active drug substance is often the major hurdle to overcome. Conventional ocular dosage form,  including eye drops, are no longer sufficient to combat ocular diseases. This article reviews the constraints with conventional ocular therapy, essential factors in ocular pharmacokinetics, and explores various approaches like eye ointments, gel, viscosity enhancers, prodrug, penetration enhancers, microparticles, liposomes, niosomes, ocular inserts, implants, intravitreal injections, nanoparticles, nanosuspension, microemulsion, in situ-forming gel, iontophoresis, and periocular injections to improve the ocular bioavailability of drug and provide continuous and controlled release of the drug to the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye and selected pharmacological future challenges in ophthalmology. In near future, a great deal of attention will be paid to develop noninvasive sustained drug release for both anterior and posterior segment eye disorders. Current momentum in the invention of new drug delivery systems hold a promise toward much improved therapies for the treatment of vision-threatening disorders.

Keyword: Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System

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Depression - Symptoms, Causes, Medications and Therapies

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author(s): Debjit bhowmik, K.P. Sampath Kumar*, Shweta Srivastava, Shravan Paswan, Amit Sankar Dutta

Abstract: Depression is the most common of the affective disorders; it may range from a very mild condition, bordering on normality, to severe (psychotic) depression accompanied by hallucinations and delusions. Worldwide, depression is a major cause of disability and premature death. When the negative reactions to life`s situations become repetitively intense and frequent we develop symptoms of depression. Life throws up innumerable situations, which we greet with both negative and positive emotions such as excitement, frustration, fear, happiness, anger, sadness.  Depression is prevalent among all age groups, in almost all walks of life. Indians are among the world's most depressed. According to a World Health Organization-sponsored study, while around 9% of people in India reported having an extended period of depression within their lifetime, nearly 36% suffered from what is called Major Depressive Episode (MDE).MDE is characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy and poor concentration, besides feeling depressed. Lowest prevalence of MDE was in China (12%). The average age of depression in India is 31.9 years compared to 18.8 years in China, and 22.7 years in the US. The female: male ratio was about 2:1."WHO ranks depression as the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide and projects that by 2020, it will be the second leading cause.

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Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Sustained Release Tablet of Isosorbide -5- Mononitrate by Porous Osmotic Technology

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author: Margret chandira*, S. Shanthi, Debjit bhowmik, B.Jayakar, K.P. Sampath Kumar

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to develop sustained release tablet of Isosorbide Mononitrate by porous membrane osmotic technology. The drug is mainly indicated for the treatment of Stable and unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation method. The granules were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner ratio. The tablets were subjected to thickness, hardness, friability, weight variations, and drug content by assay and in vitro dissolution studies. The drug release from Isosorbide Mononitrate sustained release was carried out in 1.2 N HCl, 4.5 pH acetate buffer and 6.8 pH phosphate buffer for 24hrs. The granules showed satisfactory flow properties, compressibility index and drug content. All the tablet formulations showed acceptable pharmaceutical properties.  Formulation variables like type (PVP, PEG 4000 and HPMC) and level of pore former (0-55%, w/w of polymer), percent weight gain were found to affect the drug release from the developed formulations.The optimized formulation showed the highest f2 (f2 = 76.4) value. The drug release from the developed formulation was independent of pH and agitational intensity. The similarity factor f2 was applied between the optimized formulation and the theoretical dissolution profile.

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Allergy - Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Management

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author: Debjit bhowmik, K. P. Sampath Kumar*, M. Umadevi

Abstract: An allergic reaction is the body's way of responding to an "invader." When the body senses a foreign substance, called an antigen, the immune system is triggered. The immune system normally protects the body from harmful agents such as bacteria and toxins. Its overreaction to a harmless substance (an allergen) is called a hypersensitivity reaction, or an allergic reaction. Allergy involves an exaggerated response of the immune system. The immune system is the body's organized defense mechanism against foreign invaders, particularly infections. Allergens are substances that are foreign to the body and can cause an allergic reaction. IgE is the allergy antibody. Allergies can develop at any age. Your risk of developing allergies is related to your parents' allergy history. Allergies are your body’s reaction to a substance it views as a harmful ‘invader.’ For example, coming into contact with what is normally a harmless substance, such as pollen, might cause the immune system (the body’s defense system) to react. Substances that cause these reactions are called allergens. An "allergic reaction" is way the body responds to the allergen. A chain of events occur that result in an allergic reaction, described here. The first time an allergy-prone person is exposed to a specific allergen (such as pollen), the body responds by producing allergic (IgE) antibodies. The job of these antibodies is to find molecules of the offending substance in the bloodstream and tissues and to escort them to the body’s mast cells (a type of white blood cell) for destruction. As the mast cells destroy the allergens, a chemical called histamine is released into the bloodstream. A large amount of histamine swells body tissues (inflammation), causes itching, enlarges blood vessels, increases secretions, and causes bronchospasm.

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Chronopharmacology: As A Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author: Maurya Krishna, B.C. Semwal, Singh Neelam, Khatoon Ruqsana, Paswan Shravan, Debjit Bhowmik

Abstract: Chronopharmacology is the study of the manner & extent to which the kinetics & dynamics of medication directly affected by endogenous biological rhythm & also how the dosing time of medications affects biological timekeeping & features ( period, level, amplitude & phase ) of biological rhythms. Chronopharmacology includes chronopharmacotherapy, chronopharmacokinetics & Chronotoxity. Chronopharmacotherapy is the investigative science that elucidates the biological rhythm dependencies of medication. It is useful to solve problems of drug optimization i.e. to enhance the desired efficiency or to reduce its undesired effects. So Chronopharmacologic approaches involve a lesser risk of errors and or false information than the conventional homeostatic approach. The effectiveness & toxicity of many drugs vary depending on dosing time associated with 24 hours rhythm of biochemical , physiological & behavioural process under the control of circadian clock such chronopharmacological phenomenon  are influenced by not only the pharmacokinetics but also pharmacodynamics of medication. Now a day Chronopharmacological principle are used in the therapy of various cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, pulmonary embolism etc. blood pressure fluctuates according to the circadian pattern. Continuous monitoring of blood pressure throughout the day and night reveals a pattern with minimum values of systolic & diastolic pressure between midnight & 4 am. Early in the morning B.P begins to rise from the low levels reached during sleep. Increases in blood pressure are accompanied by increase in heart rate caused by the chemical generated by the body & delivered into the blood stream.

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Factors Effecting Bioavailability Studies

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue:3

Author: Bodavula Samba Siva Rao

Abstract: The goal of most oral dosage forms is to serve as a vehicle for the delivery of drugs to the blood stream for distribution to the site of action. The therapeutic effectiveness of a drug depends up on the ability of the dosage form to deliver the medicament to the site of action at a rate and amount sufficient to elicit the desired pharmacological action. This attribute of the dosage form is referred as physical availability or simply bioavailability. Bioavailability defined as the rate and extent of absorption of unchanged drug from its dosage form. Bioavailability mainly depends on the absorption efficiency of any dosage form. By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%.However, when a medication is administered via other routes (such as orally), its bioavailability decreases (due to incomplete absorption and first-pass metabolism) or may vary from patient to patient (due to inter-individual variation). Bioavailability is one of the essential tools in Pharmacokinetics, as bioavailability must be considered when calculating dosages for non-intravenous routes of administration. Bioavailability of a drug is largely determined by the properties of the dosage form (which depend partly on its design and manufacture), rather than by the drug's physicochemical properties, which determine absorption potential. Bioequivalence means that two or more chemically or pharmaceutically equivalent products produce comparable bioavailability characteristics in any individual when administered in equivalent dosage regimen.

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Sustained Release Drug Delivery System Potential

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: K.P. Sampath kumar*, Debjit Bhowmik, Shweta Srivastava, Shravan Paswan and A.S. Dutta

Abstract: Pharmaceutical invention and research are increasingly focusing on delivery systems which enhance desirable therapeutic objectives while minimizing side effects. Oral drug delivery system represents one of the frontier areas of controlled drug delivery system. Such a dosage forms having a major advantage of patient compliance. Sustained release dosage forms are designed to release a drug at a predetermined rate in order to maintain a constant drug concentration for a specific period of time with minimum side effects  Now a days as very few drugs are coming out of research and development and already existing drugs are suffering the problem of resistance due to their irrational use specifically in case of drugs like antibiotics. Hence, change in the operation is a suitable and optimized way to make the some drug more effective by slight alteration in the drug delivery. Sustained Release is also providing promising way to decrease the side effect of drug by preventing the fluctuation of the therapeutic concentration of the drug in the body.

Colon targeted drug delivery systems – A Potential Approach

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: Nishant Singh* and Dr. R. C. Khanna

Abstract: Day by day there are new developments in field of colon specific drug delivery system. Colonic drug delivery has gained increased importance not just for the delivery of the drugs for the treatment of local diseases associated with the colon like Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, etc. but also for the systemic delivery of proteins, therapeutic peptides, anti-asthmatic drugs, antihypertensive drugs and anti-diabetic agents. New systems and technologies have been developed for colon targeting and to overcome pervious method’s limitations. Colon targeting holds a great potential and still need more innovative work. This review article discusses, in brief, introduction of colon along with the novel and emerging technologies for colon targeting of drug molecule.

Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery and its Technologies

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: Samita Gauri*, Gaurav Kumar

Abstract: It is very well known that a drug can be administered through many different routes so as to produce a systemic pharmacological effect. The route of administration is considered as the path by which a drug is taken into the body for the treatment of various diseases and disorders. The main route of administrating a drug administration is the oral route which is the oldest and most commonly used because of its ease of administration, self-medication and avoidance of pain as compared to parental route. Despite of the tremendous advancement in oral route some of the people find difficultly in swallowing tablet and other oral dosage form, so in order to troubleshoot  all these problem associated with oral route, fast dissolving drug delivery systems (FDDS) were first came into existence in 1970 as an alternative to tablets, syrups and capsules, for pediatric and geriatric patients which rapidly disintegrate and dissolve in saliva and then easily swallowed without need of water which is a major benefit over conventional dosage form.

Diabetes Epidemic in India-- A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Features, Management and Remedies

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: K.P. Sampath Kumar*, Debjit bhowmik, Shweta Srivastava, Shravan Paswan, Amit sankar Dutta

Abstract: India, the world’s second most populous country, now has more people with type 2 diabetes (more than 50 million) than any other nation. With India having the highest number of diabetic patients in the world, the sugar disease is posing an enormous health problem in the country. Calling India the diabetes capital of the world, the International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries says that there is alarming rise in. According to a WHO fact sheet on diabetes, 2004 recorded an estimated 3.4 million deaths due to consequences of high blood sugar. WHO also estimates that 80 per cent of diabetes deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries and projects that such deaths will double between 2005 and 2030. A glance at statistics from Global Data proves one point: that the two countries having the highest diabetes prevalence (India and China) score quite low when it comes to the expenditure on the disease. In fact, India's expenditure on diabetes does not figure among the top 10 countries at all. The situation is compounded by the fact that diabetes is one of the most costly health problems in the world. It is  points out that healthcare expenditure on diabetes accounted for 11.6 per cent of the total healthcare expenditure worldwide in 2010. Diabetes also imposes large economic burdens in the form of lost productivity and foregone economic growth. It has been estimated that the global burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for 2010 would be 285million people (2010) which is projected to increase to 438 million in 2030; a 65 % increase . Similarly, for India this increase is estimated to be 58%, from 51 million people in 2010 to 87 million in 2030. The impacts of T2DM are considerable: as a lifelong disease, it increases morbidity and mortality and decreases the quality of life. At the same time, the disease and its complications cause a heavy economic burden for diabetic patients themselves, their families and society. A better understanding about the cause of a predisposition of Indians to get T2DM is necessary for future planning of healthcare, policy and delivery in order to ensure that the burdens of disease are addressed.

Resealed Erythrocytes as a Carrier for Drug Targeting: A Review

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: Ashok Kumar, Mansi Verma, K. K. Jha

Abstract: Erythrocytes have been the most interesting carrier and have found to possess great potential in drug targeting. Resealed erythrocytes are gaining more popularity because of their ability to circulate throughout the body, biocompatibility, zero order release kinetics, reproducibility and ease of preparation. Most of the resealed erythrocytes used as drug carriers are rapidly taken up from blood by macrophages of reticuloendothelial system (RES), which is present in liver, lung, and spleen of the body. The aim of the present review is to focus on the various features, drug loading technology and biomedical application of resealed erythrocytes.

Taste Masked Suspension

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Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 2

Author: K.P. Sampath kumar*, Debjit Bhowmik, Sweta Srivastava, Shravan Paswan and A.S.Dutta

Abstract: Children are frequently failed to take medications properly because of unpleasant taste of medicament. Non‐compliance can lead to worsening of  diseased  condition.  Numbers  of  taste masking  technologies  have   been  used  to  address   the  problem  of patient compliance. Use of sweeteners, amino acids and flavoring agents alone are often   inadequate in   masking   the   taste   of   highly bitter  drugs.   Coating  is  more  efficient  technology   for aggressively  bitter  drugs  even  though  coating  imperfections, if present, reduce the efficiency of the technique In Ion exchange resin (IER) method weak cation exchange or weak anion exchange resins are used for taste masking, depending on the nature of drug. The nature of the drug resin complex formed is such  that  the  average  pH  of  6.7  and  contain  concentration  of  about 40meq/L  in  the  saliva are not able to break the drug resin complex but it is weak enough to break down  by hydrochloric acid present in the  stomach. Thus  the   drug  resin   complex  is  absolutely  tasteless with  no  after  taste,  and  at  the  same  time,   its   bioavailability  is  not affected.  Children under the age of 8 are typically prescribed liquid medications because  of smaller structure of a  child's esophagus.

Glaucoma -A Eye Disorder Its Causes, Risk Factor, Prevention and Medication

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 1

Author: Debjit Bhowmik*, K.P.Sampath Kumar, Lokesh Deb, Shravan Paswan and A.S.Dutta

Abstract: Glaucoma refers to a group of eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve, the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain. In many cases, damage to the optic nerve is due to increased pressure in the eye, also known as intraocular pressure. Glaucoma is a disease of the optic nerve that affects approximately 60 million people globally. It is the second most common cause of blindness, leaving an estimated 7.5 million people blind. In India it affects 11 million people, of which 1.5 million are blind. Glaucoma is a disease that is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure, in which damage to the eye (optic) nerve can lead to loss of vision and even blindness. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Glaucoma usually causes no symptoms early in its course, at which time it can only be diagnosed by regular eye examinations and screenings with the frequency of examination based on age and the presence of other risk factors. Intraocular pressure increases when either too much fluid is produced in the eye or the drainage or outflow channels of the eye become blocked. While anyone can get glaucoma, some people are at greater risk. The two main types of glaucoma are open-angle glaucoma, which has several variants and is a long duration condition, and angle-closure glaucoma, which may be a sudden condition or a chronic disease. Damage to the optic nerve and impairment of vision from glaucoma is irreversible. Several painless tests that determine the intraocular pressure, the status of the optic nerve and drainage angle, and visual fields are used to diagnose glaucoma. Glaucoma is usually treated with eye drops, although lasers and surgery can also be used. Most cases can be controlled well with these treatments, thereby preventing further loss of vision. Much research into the causes and treatment of glaucoma is being carried out throughout the world. Early diagnosis and treatment is the key to preserving sight in people with glaucoma.

Keyword: Glaucoma, optic nerve, blindness, impairment of vision.

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Role of Pharmacist Management and Novel Therapies of Diabetic Nephropathic Patients

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 1

Author: K.P. Sampath Kumar*, Debjit Bhowmik, Lokesh Deb, Shravan Paswan

Abstract: Diabetic nephropathy is kidney disease that develops as a result of diabetes mellitus (DM). DM, also called simply diabetes. This disease damages many organs, including the eyes, nerves, blood vessels, heart, and kidneys. Diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure and accounts for over one-third of all patients who are on dialysis. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is typically defined by macro albuminuria—that is, a urinary albumin excretion of more than 300 mg in a 24-hour collection—or macro albuminuria and abnormal renal function as represented by an abnormality in serum creatinine, calculated creatinine clearance, or glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Clinically, diabetic nephropathy is characterized by a progressive increase in proteinuria and decline in GFR, hypertension, and a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Nephropathy means kidney disease or damage. Diabetic nephropathy is damage to your kidneys caused by diabetes. In severe cases it can lead to kidney failure. But not everyone with diabetes has kidney damage .The kidneys have many tiny blood vessels that filter waste from your blood. High blood sugar from diabetes can destroy these blood vessels. Over time, the kidney isn't able to do its job as well. Later it may stop working completely. This is called kidney failure. Certain things make you more likely to get diabetic nephropathy. If you also have high blood pressure or high cholesterol, or if you smoke, your risk is higher. There are no symptoms in the early stages. So it's important to have regular urine tests to find kidney damage early. Sometimes early kidney damage can be reversed. The first sign of kidney damage is a small amount of protein in the urine, which is found by a simple urine test. As damage to the kidneys gets worse, your blood pressure rises. Your cholesterol and triglyceride levels rise too. As your kidneys are less able to do their job, you may notice swelling in your body, at first in your feet and legs. Community pharmacist can take to increase their involvement and contribution to public health at a local level in collaboration with other public health. During this role shift, the competency of community pharmacists is in higher demand than ever before. In view of availability of numerous new medicines and drug delivery systems, community pharmacists are challenged to ensure that patients get maximum benefit from their medicines. It is essential that discovery of new drug, new therapeutics effect of relatively older drugs, clinical trials, toxicological studies etc. are all carried out involving community pharmacy at different phases.

Keyword: Diabetic Nephropathic, Pharmacist Management, Nephropathic Patients

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Recent Trends in Liposomes Used As Novel Drug Delivery System

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 1

Author: K.P. Sampath Kumar*, Debjit Bhowmik and Lokesh Deb

Abstract: Drug delivery systems have become important tools for the specific delivery of a large number of drug molecules. Since their discovery in the liposomes were recognized as models to study biological membranes and as versatile DDS of both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules. Liposomes are artificially prepared vesicles made of lipid bilayer. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Liposomes are composite structures made of phospholipids and may contain small amounts of other molecules. Though liposomes can vary in size from low micrometer range to tens of micrometers, unilamellar liposomes, as pictured here, are typically in the lower size range with various targeting ligands attached to their surface allowing for their surface-attachment and accumulation in pathological areas for treatment of disease. Liposomes are used as models for artificial cells. Liposomes can also be designed to deliver drugs in other ways. Liposomes that contain low (or high) pH can be constructed such that dissolved aqueous drugs will be charged in solution. Liposomes are artificial vesicles comprised  of lipid and aqueous compartments where the lipid exists in the bilayer form. Such vesicles can be composed solely of phospholipids or in combination with other amphipathic molecules such as sterols, long chain organic bases or acids. When phospholipids are suspended in an excess of aqueous solution they spontaneously form multilamellar concentric bilayers with lipid layers separated by layers of aqueous medium. Water soluble substances such as drugs, proteins, nucleic acids and dyes, present in the aqueous phase during the formation of liposomes, can be encapsulated into the aqueous compartments of the vesicles. This unique property of liposomes has made them a versatile tool for an increasing number of studies in biology and medicine.

Keyword: Liposome, Targeting cancer, Vesicle, artificial cells.

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Formulation and Pharmacological Evaluation of Bark Extract of Albizia Odoratissima (L.F) Benth

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 1

Author: Margret Chandira*, A. Pasupati , S. Rajesh Kumar, Debjit Bhowmik, B. Jayakar

Abstract: Albizia Odoratissima has been used in folk medicines for the treatment of Diabetes. To substantiate this claim the present studies have been undertaken in order to evaluate the Antihyperglycemic activity of Alcoholic extract of bark of Albizia odoratissima (AlEAO) and its Aqueous extract of bark of Albizia Odoratissima (AqEAO). These two fractions was assessed for hypoglycaemic activity on alloxan induced (150mg/kg) swiss albino rats. The LD50 of the extracts were found to be 1000mg/kg.The extract powder are formulated as conventional dosage form by direct compression technique using polymer HPMC K4M and CMC Sodium in the concentration range of 5%. The tablets are evaluated with alloxan induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic activity was compared with that of the reference drug glibenclamide (5mg/kg). The AlEAO fraction produces the significant reduction (P˂0.001) in BGL (Blood Glucose Level) after singe administration (Dose: 100mg/kg, Route: Oral) for 10 days prolonged treatment. The BGL was measured using Glucometer on the 0th, 3rd and 10th day. The AlEAO shows the significant hypoglycaemic activity compared to that of the standard drug

Keyword: Albizia odoratissima, Direct compression, Glibenclamide, Alloxan.

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Biomarkers: Its Novel Application

Journal: The Pharma Innovation 
Volume: 1
Issue: 1

Author: Anand Kumar* and Dr. R. C. Khanna

Abstract: Advances in biotechnology and improved understanding of cancer and disease biology have shifted the treatment paradigm to targeted therapy. We have enhanced our ability to guide application of new and existing treatments with development, assay verification, biological validation and application of biomarkers. However, to be successful, we need a thorough understanding of the relationship between putative biomarkers and treatment effects. We must consider new clinical trial designs that may consist of randomized cohorts, prospectively planned endpoints, and/or post-hoc analyses. These strategies will succeed if reliable, adequately powered, biologically validated biomarkers are identified and appropriately applied for prospective patient selection via clinical trials. Continued inclusion of preplanned biological correlates will allow ongoing optimization of targeted therapy. These events will guide future directions of proteomics, affecting how we integrate proteomic information into the selection of therapy for advanced and recurrent cancers, and other diseases.

Keyword: Diagnosis, Biomarker, Drug developments, Disease, Clinical Investigation

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